Orthopedic fixation devices are used in the treatment of fractures, soft-tissue injuries, and reconstructive surgery. After fracture reduction, internal, external, or intramedullary fixation devices may be used to provide stability and maintain the alignment of bone fragments during the healing improves. They must be strong and secure enough to allow early mobilization of the injured part, as well as the entire patient. Compression is used whenever possible to increase the contact area and the stability between fragments and to decrease the stress on the implant. Screws are used primarily to provide interfragmental compression or to attach plates, which can then provide compression, prevent displacement, and support the fragments during healing. Pins and wires can be used for fixation of small fragments or fractures in small bones and for attachment of the external fixation device and traction. A basic understanding of the devices and principles of use is necessary to interpret radiographs obtained after the treatment of musculoskeletal injuries.

Background: Knowledge of skin complications and contributing factors in Orthopedic patients is important fordesign and development of preventive approaches. Therefore, this study was designed to assess skin complicationsin Orthopedic patients. Methods: In this case-series study, 126 Orthopedic patients referred to Rasoul-e-Akram and Bahman hospitalsfrom 2012 to 2016 with skin complications were analyzed. The adverse effects were assessed with respect totype and contributing factors. Fisher's exact test, Chi-square, and independent sample t-test were performed toassess the associations between skin complications and other variables. Results: Skin complications in Orthopedic patients included infections in 33 (26. 1%) cases and hypersensitivityreactions in 88 (40%) cases. In total, 66 (55%) cases of fracture and 35 (29. 2%) cases of cellulitis were detected, while the remaining cases involved complications such as disc herniation, nerve involvement, and osteoarthritisrelatedarthroplasty. Severe reactions presenting as toxic epidermal necrolysis were observed in 3 patients, 2 ofwhom died eventually. Age and gender were not related to the type of skin complications (P>0. 05). Conclusion: Complications due to Orthopedic treatments were not common. However, since the disease maybecome fatal on certain occasions, patients should receive more attention from physicians and nurses.

Background: With the rising number of older adults suffering from osteoporosis, trochanteric fractures are on the rise. The hip fracture is perhaps the most prevalent problem Orthopedic surgeons deal with. The goal of treating a spinal cord injury is to minimize surgical and medical complications in order to restore function. The key to these goals is achieving a stable reduction and fixation of the fracture, allowing immediate mobilization. Many methods are available for reduction and internal fixation. Despite this, complications remain common. In order to begin mobilization as early as possible after a trochanteric fracture, a stable internal fixation is generally accepted as being necessary. . .

Background: Interlocked intramedullary nailing is the most common treatment for closed tibial fractures. Reaming is a fundamental step in this surgical technique, and reamer breakage is a rare yet challenging complication during this operation. Case Report: A 34-year old male with a tibial shaft fracture was admitted for early closed tibial nailing. During the reaming process, the reamer broke and stuck in the medulla at the isthmus level. We extracted the broken piece by back hammering a cannulated T-handle placed on the ball tip guide pin. Conclusion: In this closed and quick method, we did not use any extra device other than standard equipment of intramedullary nailing.

Objectives: This study investigates outcomes and complications of the pin and plate fixation technique, which was suggested for distal humerus fractures. It also reports the results of its application in nonunions for the first time. Methods: Forty-nine fracture and 17 nonunion cases who underwent surgery using the technique and were followed for at least 18 months were assessed through the range of motion (ROM), Quick Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand Score (Quick-DASH), Mayo Elbow Performance Score (MEPS), four-category verbal rating scale (VRS-4), and complications. Results: At the last follow-up, the mean scores of flexion, extension deficit, supination, and pronation ranges in fracture cases were 116. 7, 22. 9, 90. 0, and 90. 0 degrees, respectively. These values in nonunion cases were 112. 2, 26. 4, 86. 7, and 85. 5 degrees, respectively. The average ROM in fracture cases was 93. 8, while it was 85. 8 degrees in nonunion cases. The mean Quick-DASH in fracture and nonunion patients were 25. 2 and 31. 1, respectively. According to the MEPS, 77. 5% of fracture and 64. 7% of nonunion patients had excellent and good results. In fracture cases, the mean scores of VRS-4 at rest, light activity, and hard activity were 1. 3, 1. 8, and 2. 3, respectively. These values in nonunion cases were 1. 8, 2. 2, and 2. 5, respectively. The most common complications were device prominence and ulnar neuropathy. Conclusion: An acceptable union rate and proper elbow function can be expected by using this technique. Owing to the promising results of this study, further high-quality studies are recommended. Hereby this technique is called Persian fixation.

Background: Femoral bone fractures are one of the most important bone fractures particulary following trauma. Femur length measurements and insertion of properly sized intramedullary nail is among the major concerns of Orthopedic surgeons. Nowadays the length of the femoral nail is calculated by measuring the trochanteric length of the femur to the upper patellar pole or lateral epicondyle. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between the length of the greater trochanter to the lateral femoral epicondyle and the distance between the olecranon tip and the 5 th fingertip. Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed on 380 outpatients (17 to 65 years old) in Kashani and Alzahra hospitals in Isfahan. The length of the olecranon tip to 5 th fingertip and the length of the greater trochanter to the lateral femoral epicondyle were measured while overall the groups were gonna evaluated in terms of age, gender and body mass. T-test was used to analyze the research data for any statistical significance. Findings: Examination of the data showed that there was no significant difference between the mean length of the greater trochanter to the lateral epicondyle of the femur and the length of the olecranon to 5 th fingertip. When the mean difference between the two lengths was examined separately in terms of sex and age and body mass index, similar results were obtained and no significant difference was observed. Conclusion: There was no significant difference between the mean length of the greater trochanter to the lateral epicondyle of the femur and the length of the olecranon to 5 th fingertip. There was no significant difference between the two measured lengths in different age, sex and weight groups.

Backgrounds Various studies have been conducted on the local and systemic effects of Orthopedic hardware. This study aimed to evaluate the pathologic reactions to Orthopedic hardware (nail and plate) in patients. Methods In this descriptive study، the pathologic reactions of 15 patients (12 males and 3 females) with a mean age of 37. 41 years، who underwent orthopaedic hardware removal surgery in two Hospitals in Sari، Iran، were assessed through observation، laboratory tissue evaluation، and a questionnaire. Results In this research، no allergic reaction was observed in the patients after the insertion of hardware. In this regard، 6. 66% of patients reported infection after insertion of hardware، and there was one case of non: : union: : . Furthermore، no systematic complication was observed in any of the patients. The majority of patients had moderate tissue inflammation at the hardware site، and there was no evidence of malignancy in any of the pathology samples. Conclusion According to the results of the research، a moderate level of tissue inflammation might be observed at the site of Orthopedic hardware placement.